Key environmental factors for offshore windfarm environmental impact assessment

1. Underwater noise – Mortality, injury and behavioural effects
2. Turbine interactions – Injury and mortality to birds and bats
3. Electromagnetic fields
4. Seabed disturbance – Loss of/harm to benthic habitats
5. Disturbance of underwater cultural heritage
6. Physical presence – Effects on hydrodynamics and sediment transport processes
7. Physical presence – Barrier effects and displacement of marine fauna
8. Light emissions
9. Vessel interactions – Injury and mortality to marine fauna
10. Invasive marine species
11. Physical presence – Socioeconomic: interference/displacement of existing uses
12. Physical presence – Socioeconomic: seascapes and visual amenity
13. Multiple impact pathways – Australian marine parks and their values

Impact pathways. DCCEEW, July 2023

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